Melanoma - Treatments, Symptoms, Causes

Melanoma - Treatments, Symptoms, Causes

What is skin cancer? What is malignant melanoma, and how to treat it?

Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, and malignant melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. This article will discuss the types, symptoms, causes, and risk factors of malignant melanoma and the available treatments.

According to the American Cancer Society, there were approximately 106,110 new cases of melanoma in the United States in 2021, with an estimated 7,180 deaths from the disease. Globally, it is estimated that about 287,000 people will be diagnosed with melanoma, and over 60,000 people will die in 2021.


There are three main types of malignant melanoma:

  • Superficial Spreading Melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for approximately 70% of cases. It typically appears as a flat or slightly raised lesion with an irregular shape and color.
  • Nodular Melanoma: This type of melanoma is less common than superficial spreading melanoma but more aggressive. It appears as a raised, dome-shaped lesion that may be black, blue, or red.
  • Lentigo Maligna Melanoma: This type of melanoma typically occurs in older individuals and appears as a large, irregularly shaped lesion with varying shades of brown and black.

Symptoms:

The most common symptom of malignant melanoma is the appearance of a new mole or a change in an existing mole. Other symptoms may include:

  • An irregularly shaped mole
  • A mole with an irregular border
  • A mole with uneven color
  • A mole that is larger than 6 millimeters in diameter
  • A mole that itches, bleeds or is painful

Causes and Risk Factors:

The primary cause of malignant melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Individuals with fair skin, light eyes, and red or blonde hair are at a higher risk of developing melanoma. Other risk factors include:

  • A family history of melanoma
  • A personal history of skin cancer
  • A weakened immune system
  • Excessive sun exposure or a history of severe sunburns
  • Living at high altitudes or near the equator

Treatments:

The treatment for malignant melanoma depends on the cancer stage and the individual's health. Treatments may include:

  • Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for early-stage melanoma. The surgeon will remove the melanoma and a small amount of surrounding tissue to ensure that all of the cancerous cells are removed.
  • Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It is typically used in advanced cases of melanoma.
  • Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. It may be used to treat advanced cases of melanoma that have spread to other parts of the body.
  • Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer cells. This type of treatment can be highly effective in treating advanced cases of melanoma.
  • Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that targets specific genetic mutations in cancer cells. It can be highly effective in treating advanced cases of melanoma.

Conclusion

In conclusion, malignant melanoma is a severe skin cancer that can be deadly if left untreated. However, early detection and treatment can lead to a successful outcome. It is essential for individuals to protect themselves from the sun and to monitor their skin for anychanges or abnormalities. If you notice any unusual moles or changes in your skin, you should see a dermatologist immediately.

Prevention is also key in reducing the risk of developing malignant melanoma. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, wearing protective clothing, seeking shade during peak sun hours, and avoiding tanning beds.

Malignant melanoma is a serious condition requiring prompt and appropriate medical attention. However, the outlook for individuals with melanoma can be positive with early detection and appropriate treatment. If you have any concerns or questions about skin cancer, it is important to speak with your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.